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Appendix E - Glossary | 189

GEOID

The Earth’s surface with all topographical undulations removed (equipotential

surface) so that all points on the surface approximate mean sea level.

GEOIDAL HEIGHT

Deviations of the geoid above and below the ellipsoid due to non-uniformity of the

Earth’s mass. Geoidal height is positive when the deviation is outward from the

central volume of the ellipsoid, and negative when it is inward.

GDOP (Geometric Dilution of Precision)

An indicator of the accuracy in position (latitude, longitude, altitude, and time).

See DILUTION OF PRECISION.

GFSK

Gaussian-Filtered-Shift-Keying – A standardized method of modulating digital data

prior to transmission on a data link.

GMSK

Gaussian-Minimum-Shift-Keying – GFSK using BT-products and modulation index

which optimizes the modulated signal.

GNSS

Global Navigation Satellite System – A common label for satellite navigation

systems (such as GPS and GLONASS).

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, which consists of orbiting satellites,

a network of ground control sta tions, and user positioning and navigation

equipment. The system has 24 satellites plus 3 active spare satellites in six orbital

planes about 20,200 kilometers above the earth.

GLONASS

A satellite navigation system developed and operated by Russia.

GMT

Greenwich Mean Time. See also UNIVERSAL TIME COORDINATED.

GPS LOG

A feature of the navigator that measures the sailed distance based on the GPS

signals rather than a water distance sensor.

GPS SYSTEM TIME

Time corrected to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) and used as the time

standard by the user segment of the GPS system.

GREAT CIRCLE NAVIGATION

Navigation based on a Great Circle calculation. The advantage of Great Circle

navigation is that it brings you the shortest way through the active route. The

disadvantage is that a Great Circle track may differ from the straight rhumb line

that is easily drawn on a Mercator projected chart. Great Circle navigation is

recommended for ocean voyages only. The advantage increases by higher latitude

(north or south).

HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision)

An indicator of the two dimensional accuracy in position (latitude and longitude).

See DILUTION OF PRECISION.

HEADING

The direction in which the vessel is pointed, expressed as angular distance from

north clockwise through 360 degrees. HEADING should not be confused with

COURSE. The HEADING is constantly changing as the vessel yaws back and forth

across the course due to the effects of sea, wind, and steering error.

HEADING-TO-STEER

The angle of track required to steer the vessel or vehicle from its present position

to its planned destination point. This angle differs from heading, which is its

present angle of track with respect to true north.

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